چکیده:
Reader-oriented criticism –also referred to as reader-response criticism- emerged in the 1970s as a reaction to formalism and New Critic theories which advocated the 'text and text alone' approach as the only means of literary criticism and arriving at the only true unifying meaning of the text. Reader-oriented criticism maintains that the interpretive activities of readers, rather than the author’s intention or the text’s structure, explain a text’s significance and aesthetic value. Wolfgang Iser is one of leading figures in the development of this type of literary reading who works within the phenomenological branch of reader-oriented criticism and has introduced two important concept; namely the notion of textual'gaps', which the reader is expected to fill experientially, and the notion of indeterminacy of meaning, which legitimizes various readings of the same text toproduce various meanings of the text, although the reader's decisions of themeaning are framed by the text itself. The modern versions of reader-orientedcriticism include psychological and theoretical accounts of the reader’s activity and sociohistorical accounts of a text’s interpretations or an author’s reception. The ideas of this literary criticism have also been incorporated in translation studies theories and strategies. In a broad sense, any translation theory which is inclined towards the target text or the target audience can fit in the domain of reader-oriented criticism. In what follows the principles of reader-oriented criticism and those of Iser will be reviewed. In the second part of this paper, a few of translation theories that share principles with Iserean criticism will be presented.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"Wolfgang Iser is one of leading figures in the development of this type of literary reading who works within the phenomenological branch of reader-oriented criticism and has introduced two important concept; namely the notion of textual'gaps', which the reader is expected to fill experientially, and the notion of indeterminacy of meaning, which legitimizes various readings of the same text toproduce various meanings of the text, although the reader's decisions of themeaning are framed by the text itself.
reader-oriented criticism, Wolfgang Iser, translation theories Reader-Oriented Criticism Having emerged as a reaction to formalism and structuralism, reader-response criticism, now largely known as reader-oriented criticism, concerns itself with reading processes and their relations with, among other things, specific elements in the text, the reader's life experiences, and the intellectual community to which s/he belongs (Bressler, p.
Although reader-oriented theory seems to apply to a diverse array of views of the reading process, its adherents seem to share the two fundamental beliefs (1) that the role of the reader cannot be omitted from his/her understanding of literature and (2) that readers do not passively consume the meaning presented to them by an objective literary text; rather they actively make the meaning they find in literature (Bressler, p.
Nida's concept of 'equivalent effect', Toury's notion of 'norms' and 'acceptable' translation, Chesterman's 'expectancy' norms, Reiss' text types , the Think-Aloud-Protocol, and most significantly the concept of 'explicitation' in translation and Gutt's relevance theory all can easily go in partnership with reader-oriented criticism in general and Iserean theories in particular."