چکیده:
he aim of this paper has been to evaluate the effect of trade openness on the Iran’s environmental quality arising from its trade relationswith the selected countries in East Asia, Middle East and OECD over theperiod 1991-2007. The study emphasizes on the scale, composition and technique effects as a result of the relationship between trade and environment. For the environmental quality, the CO2 data has been used alternatively. This article thus examines such relationship by estimating a panel regression CO2 emission model. The empirical results indicate a positive effect of increasing GPD on pollution of the countries in the first and second blocks. Additionally, the empirical results have shown that Iran could not benefit from its trade incomes with the OECD countries and in the Middle East. Also, due to the estimated positive coefficient of the capital-labor ration in the OECD block, the Iran's comparative advantage has been in dirty products.
خلاصه ماشینی:
We develop a theoretical model to divide trade's impact on pollution into scale, technique and composition effects and then examine this theory using data on CO2 concentrations.
The growing concerns of environmental degradation due to market expansions and economic activities have led to studies that attempt to answer the question: is international trade beneficial given the environmental consequences of economic development and the detrimental effects of pollution-intensive production?
The authors provide evidence that environmental indicators such as sulfur dioxide concentrations increase in the initial phase of economic growth but decrease in the later phase of development, with a turning point at an estimated per capita income of about $8,000.
If we now allow for both trade frictions and world prices to change we have P^= β^+ pw^ Amending (16) yields: Z^ = γ1 S^+ γ2k^ -γ3I^ -γ4 N^ -γ5 б^+ γ6β^+ γ7pw^ (17) As before, pollution varies with scale, capital abundance, income levels, etc.
This result can be obtained as a special case of our model: if all countries have the same relative factor endowments, but differ in per capita incomes, then indeed richer countries will have stricter pollution policy and this will lead to a comparative advantage in clean goods.
Even though comparative advantage is set by the complex interplay of income differences and relative factor abundance, these results indicate that if a country is sufficiently rich then the pollution haven motive for trade will eventually outweigh factor endowment considerations and this country will export the clean good in trade.