چکیده:
The archaeological mound of Sofalin south of the Alborz Mountains of Northern Iran (Eastern Rey plain) sheds considerable light on at least four problems connected with the emergence of complex societies in this part of Iran. The first, it helps fill a chronological gap in an important archaeological sequence by revealing a previously unidentified late fourth and third millennium B.C. sequence of occupations. Second, the remains recovered from the mound illustrate a surprising sophistication in the use of proto-Elamite economic and numerical tablets, as well as cylindrical seal impressions. Third, it shows an early stage of an administration system in this area which has not been identified before. Finally, the data may reflect a development from a rather generalized subsistence economy based on agriculture to an economy based on long- distance trade connected with the import and export of goods.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"discovered more than 50 proto-Elamite numerical tablets, cylindrical seal impressions and beveled rim bowls of late fourth millennium (fig.
The late fourth millennium BC and proto Elamite levels at Tape Sofalin (Late Plateau) are contemporary with Godin V (Young 1986:217-18) Susa 16- 14B, (LeBrun 1971, Dittmann 1986a: 171- 72; 346-47; 1987) Ville Royalle 18-16 (Carter 1980, Dittmann 1986a: 173-75,182; 1986b: 347), Tepe Farukhabad (Wright 1981) Yahya IVc (Lamberg- Karlovsky 1970, Lamberg-Karlovsky and Potts 2001), late middle Banesh building level 3 of Malyan (Banesh C-D) (Sumner 1986, Dittmann 1986c: 334- 37, Nicolas 1990) Sialk IV2 (Ghirshman 1938),) and Sagzabad2.
Based on the evidence, it seems that in the 1Potts (Potts 1993: 394) stated that the semi-precious stones like carnelian and lapis lazuli, copper, tin and gold, and exotic woods arrived Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran chiefly by sea via the Persian Gulf, whereas the new evidence of Proto-Elamite administration system in northern Central Iranian Plateau ( Majidzadeh 2001, Hessari 2006, 2007) by the main east-west route confirms the importance of ground trade routes in comparison with the marine trade routs in late fourth and early third millennia.
The level of sociopolitical organization and economic specialization at Tape Sofalin indicates that strong mechanisms of trade- based finance emerging from the southwestern Iran (Susiana plain) led to the emergence of a developed complex society in the north-Central Iranian Plateau."