چکیده:
روند رو به افزایش غیرمادی سازی اسناد حمل بین المللی، به ویژه حمل از راه دریاها با استفاده از ابزار الکترونیکی به دلیل سرعت مناسب، کم هزینه بودن و دقت محیط الکترونیکی روز به روز در حال افزایش است. در این میان، صدور بارنامه به عنوان مهم ترین سند حمل کالاها در فرم الکترونیکی، همیشه در دهه های اخیر در کانون توجه پروژه های قانونگذاری ملی و بین المللی بوده است. مقرارت «بولرو»، «سی داکس» و «آنسیترال»، سه تلاش قابل توجه در عرصه بین المللی در این باره بوده است که کوشیده اند سه کارکرد بارنامه کاغذی اعم از «تلقی بارنامه به عنوان دلیل قرارداد حمل»، «رسید دریافت کالاها» و «سند مالکیت» را در فضای الکترونیکی نیز برای بارنامه الکترونیکی محقق سازند. به رغم تحقق دو کارکرد «دلیل قرارداد حمل» و «رسید کالاها» در جایگزینی بارنامه کاغذی با بارنامه الکترونیکی درباره کارکرد مالکیت، بیشتر نویسندگان معتقدند تلقی بارنامه به عنوان سند مالکیت باید به وسیله رویه تجاری بازرگانی بین المللی نیز به رسمیت شناخته شود.
The increasing process of dematerialization of international shipping documents، especially shipping through the sea using electronic instruments، is being increased day by day because of its speed، low cost and accuracy of electronic environment. In this regard، issuing bill of lading as the most important document for shipping goods in electronic form has been constantly the focus national and international legislation projects over the decades. Three important efforts at international level in this field include Bolero regulations، CMI and UNCITRAL that have tried to realize 3 functions of paper bill of lading (including considering bill of lading as a contract for carriage، receipt of goods delivery and ownership document) for electronic bills in hyperspace. Despite to realization of two functions of shipping contract evidence and receipt of goods in regard with replacing paper bill with electronic bill، concerning ownership، majority of authors believe that considering bill of lading as ownership document should be recognized by means of international business procedure as well.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"###############6############### Vol. 12 / No. 46 / Autumn 2015 / Quarterly A Reflection upon the Rules of Repentance in the Islamic Penal Code (approved 1392/2013) Ahmad Hajidehabadi Mohammad Rajabi Study of the Principle of Equality of Two Parties of Proceeding before Judge according to Shi'i Fiqh 'Alī Mohammadi Jorgouyeh Mohsen Kazemi Najafabadi The legal presumption of offender’s knowledge of law (matter of law) Abolfath Khaleghi 'Alī Doroodi Criminal Rsponsibility of Murderer in case of Brief Knowledge Esmaeil Aghababaei Verdict about Prohibition of Retaking Gifts from Relatives in Imami Figh Seyyed Ahmad Mirkhalili Hojjat Azizollahi Moein Farzaneh Vashareh Marine International Electronic Bill of Lading and Its Functions Majid Reza Arab Ahmadi Mostafa Al-Lesan Noshadi Ibrahim فصلنامه علمی ـ پژوهشی / مزایای اشتراک: 1.
O. Box: 15875-8784 Tehran & 37185 -179 Qom, Iran Vol. 12 / No. 46 / Autumn 2015 / Quarterly 3 /A Reflection upon the Rules of Repentance in the Islamic Penal Code (approved 1392/2013) Ahmad Hajidehabadi Mohammad Rajabi 4 /Study of the Principle of Equality of Two Parties of Proceeding before Judge according to Shi'i Fiqh 'Alī Mohammadi Jorgouyeh Mohsen Kazemi Najafabadi 5 /The legal presumption of offender’s knowledge of law (matter of law) Abolfath Khaleghi 'Alī Doroodi 6 /Criminal Rsponsibility of Murderer in case of Brief Knowledge Esmaeil Aghababaei 7 /Verdict about Prohibition of Retaking Gifts from Relatives in Imami Figh Seyyed Ahmad Mirkhalili Hojjat Azizollahi Moein Farzaneh Vashareh 8 /Marine International Electronic Bill of Lading and Its Functions Majid Reza Arab Ahmadi Mostafa Al-Lesan Noshadi Ibrahim A Reflection upon the Rules of Repentance in the Islamic Penal Code (approved 1392/2013) Date Recive: 29/7/2015 Date Accept: 17/12/2015 Ahmad Hajidehabadi 1 Mohammad Rajabi 2 Repentance is one of the factors leading to collapse of punishment or decreasing it."