چکیده:
I have been in exile for a long time, and I was amazed at the resilience,
intelligence, strength and ability of the Afghan women that I met who came
from inside the country and around the world. These women, I promise, can
rebuild the country with no problem. 8Bernard et al, :99?: >;9< In this
paper I propose to examine the role played by women in post-conflict
scenarios, especially with regards to peace-keeping and nation building. I
would like to begin with a general statement about the important and equal
role of women in society, a principle which is enshrined in both international
human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is also a
principle that is accepted by the major religions, including Islam. The
proposed title of the paper takes its inspiration from the following quote:
Few policymakers responsible for nation-building would argue
against the ultimate goal of establishing equitable, democratic and
egalitarian societies in which the human rights of women are
respected. Many however, express the fear that pursuing that goal
Ktoo soonL may rock the boat, and that in dealing with a boat so
shaky that it may capsize anyway, you just can’t take the risk.
8Bernard et al, :99?: =<
This paper seeks to determine what role women should play in postconflict
scenarios, without Kcapsizing the boatL. It questions to what degree
women’s involvement must be postponed in order to first Kstabilize the
situationL. Some would argue that given the various advantages in women’s
involvement sooner rather than later, that their involvement ought not to be
postponed.> The paper will particularly draw upon the involvement of
women in Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan itself provides examples of the
danger and difficulty of promoting women’s involvement in nation-building.
For example, as recently as Sunday :Ath September :99? it was reported that
an iconic Afghan policewoman, Malalai Kakar, had been shot and killed, and
that the Taliban had claimed responsibility for her death.> This was not the
first instance of a woman in Afghanistan’s post-:99> police force being
directly targeted for assassination. The question these incidents raise is
whether an emphasis on promoting the participation of women in the
Afghani police-force is premature: is this an example of Krocking the boatL or
is this all part and parcel of nation-building? The proposed broad outline for
the paper is as follows: Introduction and basic premises: The equality of
women and the role of women in society: general legal, social and religious
principles; Women and nation-building: definitions, general principles,
international documents and statistics; Afghanistan: processes and problems
– historical context and modern issues; Conclusion: recommendations for
Afghanistan in particular and for women in nation-building in a more
general sense.
خلاصه ماشینی:
6 It was followed by six Security Council presidential been discussed, see UN Doc A/58/323, "Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Goals", 2 September 2003 and also UN Doc A59/2005, Report of the Secretary-General "In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all – Addendum", UN Doc A/59/2005/Add. 2, Available online at: http://daccessdds.
3 percent of cases the perpetrators of Bearing in mind the relatively small sample of women in the study, one interesting aspect of the UNIFEM research is that, regardless of the type of violence being measured,1 the majority of violent acts were committed by family members.
" (Kamali, 2008: 302) The UN Security Council, in resolution 1325 and elsewhere, has highlighted the need to adopt a gender perspective when implementing peace agreements, including adopting measures that ensure the protection of the human rights of women and girls in relation to, inter alia, the police.
3 The Afghanistan Human Development Report 2007 notes that: Since 1960, small numbers of women have served in the police force.
Amnesty International Report 2008, The State of the World’s Human Rights, Afghanistan, Available online at: http://thereport.
Amnesty International Report 2008, The State of the World’s Human Rights, Afghanistan, Available online at: http://thereport.
Amnesty International Report 2008, The State of the World’s Human Rights, Afghanistan, Available online at: http://thereport.
Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, Evaluation Report on General Situation of Women in Afghanistan, Available online at http://www.
Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, Evaluation Report on General Situation of Women in Afghanistan, Available online at http://www.