چکیده:
1. شهربانو کامرانیفکور
دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی. گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران،
2. کاظم رسولزاده طباطبایی
دکتر روانشناس، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران، (نویسنده مسئول)،
3. رضا رزاقی
دکتر روانشناس، سازمان بهزیستی کشور، تهران، ایران،
4. فضلالله احمدی
دکترای پرستاری، گروه پرستاری، دانشکده علوم پزشکی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران،
مقدمه: با توجه به گسترش و انتخاب فرزندپذیری بهعنوان یکی از راههای تکمیل خانواده در جامعه ایران، پژوهشهای اندکی در جهت شناخت مشکلات جسمی و روانشناختی کودکان فرزندخوانده انجام شده است. بنابراین، مطالعه حاضر به تبیین تجارب خانوادههای فرزندپذیر از این پدیده پرداخته است.
روش: مطالعه حاضر به روش کیفی و با رویکرد نظریه زمینهای انجام شد. مشارکتکنندگان در پژوهش را 30 نفر از خانوادههای فرزندپذیر تشکیل دادهاند. انتخاب نمونه ابتدا با روش هدفمند آغاز و تا زمان رسیدن به اشباع اطلاعات بهصورت نمونهگیری نظری ادامه یافت. ابزار جمعآوری اطلاعات مصاحبه نیمهساختاریافته و عمیق بود و مصاحبهها با روش اشتراوس و کوربین نسخه 2008 مورد تجزیهوتحلیل قرار گرفت.
یافتهها: از تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها شش مقوله محوری به دست آمد. «عوامل تهدیدکننده فرزندپذیری» بهعنوان پدیده در الگوی پارادایمی پژوهش حاضر آشکار شد. «مشکلات جسمی و رفتاری کودک» بهعنوان عامل علی، «ظرفیتهای کودک و محیط»، «پیشینه ناگوار کودک پیش از فرزندپذیری» و «تاثیرات کودکان با نیازهای ویژه» بهعنوان عوامل مداخلهگر و «رضایتمندی از فرزندپذیری» نیز بهعنوان پیامد این الگوی پارادایمی مشخص شد. «رویارویی مدبرانه والدینی» بهعنوان راهبرد اتخاذشده والدین فرزندپذیر در این مطالعه آشکار شد.
بحث: برای زوجینی که با ناباروری و پیامدهای منفی آن در زندگی درگیرند، فرزندپذیری میتواند بهعنوان یکی از راههای کاملکردن ساختار خانواده و تجربه نقش والدینی در نظر گرفته شود. با وجود اینکه، کودکان فرزندخوانده با مسائلی از قبیل تجربیات ناگوار آزار و غفلت پیش از فرزندپذیری، تاثیرات سوء زندگی موسسهای و همچنین مشکلات جسمی و روانشناختی وارد زندگی خانواده فرزندپذیر میشوند، بهکارگیری برخی راهبردهای مدبرانه رویارویی توسط والدین فرزندپذیر میتواند به موفقیت فرزندپذیری کمک کند. بهکارگیری سبکهای مواجهه مسئلهمدار، وجود شناخت و آمادگی پیش از اقدام فرزندپذیری، حلوفصل مسائل ناباروری، مذاکره و توافق والدین برای فرزندپذیری، داشتن نگرش مثبت به فرزندپذیری و وجود حمایتهای اجتماعی ازجمله این راهبردهاست.
Introduction: Adoption of a child is a complex social construct that is often challenging and does not always result in immediate happiness. Children who are adopted, particularly those with a history of adversity prior to adoption, are at risk for developing problems in behavioral and emotional self-regulation, attention deficits or inhibitory control; as well as problems due to attachment security has been specially observed among children adopted in older ages. If adoptive parents be unaware of adopted children’s problems and are unprepared to deal with these issues, they may become emotionally and psychologically incapacitated, so they couldn’t provide adequate care giving. Understanding the challenges faced by the adoptive Families can empower them in finding solutions to help the child in bonding within the new family unit. Considering recent increase in child adoption prevalence as a family completing manner in Iran; few comprehensive studies have done to verify adopted children’s behavioral or physical problems. So, Present study aims to clarify challenges which adoptive families experience in this aria.
Method: To achieve the objectives of this study, a qualitative research was performed according to grounded theory approach. 30 adoptive parents participated in this study. Samples selected through purposive sampling at first and then by theoretical sampling until data saturation achieved. In dept and Semi-structured interview was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using Strauss and Corbin approach, version 2018. In this approach, constant comparative method was used for data collection and analysis. It consists of 4 stages: Analyzing date for concepts, Analyzing date for context, Bringing process into the analysis and integrating categories. The validity of findings was ensured through member assessment, data mining, deep description, and prolonged exposure to the research environment.
Results: 6 main categories were emerged from the data analysis: “adoption threatening factors” represented phenomenon, “child’s physical and behavioral issues” appeared causal conditions, “child and environment potencies” is revealed as a protective intervening factor, Whereas “child’s preadoption adversities” and “influences of children with special needs” demonstrated threatening Intervening Conditions and “parenting strategies” displayed measures taken by adoptive parents in order to manage their adopted children. The category of “adoption satisfaction” was the consequence of applying these strategies. These results have reflected in following diagram:
Conclusion: analyzing of participants’ interviews revealed that Most of adopted children in current study exposure to adverse circumstances during early childhood. child’s preadoption adversities such as experiencing abuse or neglect from their birth parents and early depriving institutional rearing had a lasting impact on child’s physical and psychological health; in other words Internalizing or externalizing problems, attachment or adjustment problems such as emotion regulation problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attachment problems specifically reactive attachment disorders(RAD) were reported high among adopted children. Some Adopted children have troubles in regulating their negative emotions acted out their grief in spurts of crying spells, Tantrums, or violent or self-destructive behavior that leaved the adoptive parent feeling shocked, helpless, and overwhelmed. some prenatal predispositions such as prenatal exposure to drugs and teratogenese, unwanted pregnancy and experiencing stressful environment by birth mother increases the likelihood of premature birth in adopted children. So, brain impairment or physical deficiencies may occur. Some of these problems hadn’t been diagnosed in institutions prior to adoption. Almost 40% of adoptive parents who participated in this study reported that their adopted children had at least one considerable medical problem that hadn’t been diagnosed before adoption or at least adoptive parent didn’t inform about disease. Moreover, among adopted children, both the inhibited and disinhibited forms of RAD have been reported. Some adoptive parent reported that their adopted children exhibited aversion from been embraced and preferred to be in their bed; another children were friendly with strangers and were willing to go home with complete strangers, seek physical contact from or proximity to strangers. Most of children in this study had cognitive and social skills deficiencies due to early neglect and privation background. In some cases adopted children had considerable language delays in time of adoption. In other words, at the time of adoption, adopted children demonstrated delays in all developmental domains, including gross and fine motor abilities, language, cognition, and social–emotional development. Adoptive parents who had children with special needs withstand more troubles and restrictions; they may spend more time and money to take their adopted children for severe treatments. Children’s Behavioral problems or their incapability made the adoptive parents restrict their social relationships and therefore be deprived from many positive affection reinforce circumstances. Even adoptive parents marital intimacy may be affected.
However, when children entered a more intimate, enriched and stimulating environment and gain friendly and responsive care from their adoptive parents, many children exhibited developmental improvement.
Conclusion: Despite adoptee’s experienced adversities (such as experiencing placement instability or maltreatment, institutional rearing) and their adjustment problems, multiple factors can be considered as protective factor for adoption satisfaction such as: receiving pre-adoption information, being prepared, dissolving infertility issues, adoptive parent’s agreement about adoption decision and social supports. Receiving knowledge from other adoptive families, Studying books and articles about adoption and catching consultation from specialists helps to adoptive parents be aware about real origins of their child’s behavior and be prepared to utilize more useful strategies. Other relatives’ supports from adoptive parents and being forward to adoption declines adoptive parents stress.