چکیده:
«نظریۀ سیستمهای پیچیده» روشی جدید و کلنگر در بررسی سیستمهاست که برخلاف دیدگاههای جزئینگرِ تقلیلگرا، از تحلیل ساختار کلی به کارکردها و عملکردهای اجزا میرسد. در چارچوب این نظریه، به ویژگیهایی مانند رفتارهای غیرخطی، حالتهای آشوب و پویایی سیستم، فرایند بازخورد، همافزایی و تعادل پایدار نهایی در حالتی سایبرنتیکی (خودکنترل) و... پرداخته میشود. تنوع کنشگرها و کنشپذیرها، افزودهشدن اجزای جدید و لازم در به تعادل رسیدن حالتهای آشوب، غیرخطیبودن ارتباط عناصر مستقل با یکدیگر و محیط و تأثیرگذاری عناصر حاشیهای در حکایت شیخ صنعان، بررسی آن را در چارچوب نظریۀ سیستمهای پیچیده ممکن کرده است. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است به نقد این حکایت به روش تحلیل کیفی پرداخته و با سنجش ظرفیتهای پنهان آن نشان داده شود که این حکایت یک سیستم اجتماعی پیچیده است که رفتاری غیرخطی و پیشبینیناپذیر دارد؛ البته با بررسی دقیق عناصر آن و ارتباطهای نامنظم و پیچیدۀ آنها، از پیچیدگیشان کاسته میشود و میتوانیم به فهم عمیقی از متن دست یابیم. با دیدگاه سیستمی میتوان کارکرد شیخ صنعان، مریدان و دختر ترسا را در ارتباط با زیرسیستمهای دیگری مانند خواب، قضا و قدر و مرگ واکاوی کرد و در حالتی کلنگر به تکاملرسیدن اجزای آن را در تکاملی کلی و پویا نشان داد. سیستم در حالتی خودکنترلی، شیخ صنعان و دختر ترسا ـ دو زیرسیستم برجسته ـ را با فرایند بازخورد به تکامل میرساند و از این راه به خودسازماندهی میپردازد. این پژوهش به روشنکردن ظرفیتهای پنهان متونی کمک میکند که قابلیّت بازخوانی به این شیوه را دارند.
Abstract The ‘Complex Systems Theory’ is a new and holistic approach to analyzing systems, which in contrast to the partial-reductionist perspectives, begins by analyzing the structure of a system as a whole and proceeds to the functions of its components. Within the framework of this theory, we are concerned with characteristics such as non-linear behaviors, system’s chaotic and dynamic states, feedback process, synergistic composition, final stable balance in a cybernetic (self-control) state, etc. The existence of various actors and actionable agents, addition of the new and needed components for stabilizing chaos, non-linear interactions of the independent elements with each other and with the environment, and the effects of marginal elements on the anecdote of Sheikh San’an make it possible to analyze it within the framework of the complex systems theory. In the current study, we made an effort to critique this anecdote qualitatively. By assessing the unrevealed potentials of this anecdote, we tried to show that besides having a complex social system, it behaved in a non-linear and unpredictable way and that its intricacies were reduced by meticulously investigating its elements and their disorganized and complicated interactions, to achieve a thorough comprehension of the text. By the use of this approach, we could investigate the functions of Sheik San’an, his followers, and the Christian girl in relation to the other subsystems, such as sleep, fate, and death, and holistically illustrate the dynamic evolution of its components. The system evolved in the self-controlled states of Sheikh San’an and the Christian girl as two major subsystems through the feedback process, thus dealing with a self-organizing system. This study could contribute to the illumination of the unseen potentials of texts that could be re-read in this way. Introduction Since intricacies of the social issues of the modern age cannot be studied based on detail-oriented and reductionist views, specialists have decided to consider the society as a complex phenomenon and deal with it through modern methods. Regarding thefunctions of variables in complex social phenomena, it could be said can that its general behavior is unpredictable and that is why static perspectives are replaced by dynamic ones in the studies of the relations and interactions of its elements. In this holistic approach, cause and effect have a circular rather than a linear relation and an effect can have several complex causes. The stories exemplifying human society include components with social functions. By considering a social story as a complex social system, the relations between the components can be established in a manner that each one is placed in a complex relationship with other ones. Unpredictability of the related elements is in line with holistic and complex system methods. In the current research, we attempted to consider the anecdote of Sheikh San’an as a social system with non-linear elucidation, as well as the dynamic and varied relations amongst its elements, so that we could achieve a meticulous and methodical analysis of the anecdote functioning as a complex social system in its process of evolution. Discussion of Results and Conclusions In a social system, complex relationships among elements cause various parts and factors to contribute to the system’s organization. Systematic complexity, on one hand, is due to the system’s functional separation and its environment. On the other hand, it is related to the constant changes of the society and unpredictable behaviors of the elements concerning each other, which make it impossible for the syst em to be studied with detail-oriented and reductionist approaches. In a systematic approach, instead of focusing on the parts (subject-oriented), their relations are focused; this way, the marginal and unseen factors affect the system’s process of evolution and the slightest functions play a role in the system’s dynamics. The system affected by the feedback received during the different periods creates a synergistic dynamic, in which each element not only functions independently, but also has an impact on the other elements directly or indirectly. This is evident in the whole system. In this perspective, the synergy resulted from the shared function of the related elements is so important that the total function of the elements is more than their isolated functions. Like a social system, the anecdote of Sheikh San’an was the story of an old man and a Christian girl in a cycle of various events exposed to unpredictable elements, which evolved dependently on the whole system’s evolution. In the study of the social system of Sheikh San’an, the objective elements, including story types and abstract elements, such as austerity, sleep, love, night, sickness, etc., had dynamic roles as well. Attention to these elements and their relations with the system’s elements demanded a holistic approach on our behalf. The disorganized, non-linear, unpredictable, and chaotic general behaviors of the anecdote indicated that it could not be studied linearly. The functional separation of the relations among the elements in different environments, such as Hijaz and Ancient Rome, and their connections with the various features of every single component generally showed the system’s openness in addition to confirming its complexity. The functional separation and establishment the relations added the system’s complexity, while studying them would reveal the role of marginal elements. Studying the anecdote of Sheikh San’an like a complex and open system and implementing some characteristics of the complex systems theory demonstrated that in addition to the chaotic state that abruptly occurred on the verge of changes in elements, chaos could be established in a chaotic state, which we called “multi-branching”. In multi-branching, as well as in chaos, the system achieves self-organization with the difference that the function of effective elements in multi-branching is more complicated than that of chaos; that is, not only the text and the theory are compatible, but also the text can expand the theory. Thus, besides illuminating the hidden potentials of the texts, the holistic approach could further enhance our accuracy in reading compared to the detail-oriented and reductionist perspectives. The holistic analysis enabled us to take into account all of the components of the system (society) in its process of evolution. Contrary to the hero-centrism of the reductionist approach that focused on one or a limited number of components of the society, the holistic approach considered the role of each component, including the marginal ones and this could help us simplify the social complexities and provide a deep comprehension of the text. The anecdote of Sheikh San’an was a complex story with social elements and disorganized and complicated relations that made it impossible to predict its functions in a systemic separation. A social and complex system comprises the subsystems whose functional separations and behaviors are defined in relation to their environments. Sometimes, each subsystem can be an environment for another subsystem, all of which participate in the whole system’s self-organization and evolution. The potentiality of the anecdote of Sheikh San’an, along with the implementation of the complex systems theory, enabled us to show that classic texts could be scrutinized in light of the modern critique methods and that these methods and theories were not restricted to only the contemporary texts.
خلاصه ماشینی:
پيچيدگي ناشي از افزايش تعداد اجزا و تفکيک آنها از راه تبيين ارتباط و کارکردهايي در پيوند با کل مطالعه پذير است ؛ ـ تمرکز بر ارتباطات ميان اجزا به جاي سوژه محوري متداول پيش از تفکر سيستمي که همه چيز ابژة شناخت انسان و متعلق به او بود؛ ـ توجه به عناصر حاشيه اي که در رفتار کل سيستم و به تکامل رسيدن آن مؤثر است ؛ ـ حالت دوشاخگي يا چندشاخگي سيستم در حالت آشوب يا به تعادل رسيدن آن ؛ ـ پويايي فعال سيستم دراثر روابط متقابل اجزاي آن و تبادل اطلاعات بين آنها؛ - فرايند پس خوري/ بازخورد ٤؛ کنترل آشوبناکي سيستم و به تعادل رسيدن خودسازمان ده آن در حالت هاي دوشاخگي (آستانۀ آشوب ) خاص به بازخوردي مربوط است که از خروجي ميگيرد و دوباره در ورودي به کار ميبرد؛ ـ هم افزايي پوياي موجود ميان اجزاي سيستم براي به تکامل رساندن آن ؛ هر جزئي از سيستم با تغيير رفتار بر رفتار کل سيستم اثر ميگذارد.