چکیده:
The principal objective of Muḥammad’s incessant warfare against
Dūmat al-Jandal has proven to be remarkably resistant to conventional analysis.
Part of the difficulty arises from the fact that these military campaigns (maghāzī)
are largely treated in isolation. Framing the problem in terms of the economic
realities of late antique Arabia, the present article challenges the prevailing
scholarly view that Dūma fell in the prophet’s lifetime. To this end, the final and
decisive expedition against Dūma is reconstructed. Through a thorough analysis,
the tangled strands of maghāzī historiography are carefully unraveled to expose
the strategy behind these northern campaigns.
خلاصه ماشینی:
al-Wāqidī and Ibn Isḥāq both state that Muḥammad led twenty-seven of these expeditions (ghazwa) in person, including Dūmat al-Jandal (Ibid.
1515/islam-2016-0001 Downloaded from De Gruyter Online at 09/24/2016 04:32:18PM via Freie Universität Berlin Commerce at Dūmat al-Jandal Silent Trade Following Ibn al-Kalbī, al-Marzūqī relates that Arabs from all corners alighted at Dūmat al-Jandal, the first in a sequence of well-known markets (aswāq) before Islam.
110 Figure 1 based on Bonner, The Markets of the Arabs [Map], in “Time,” 48; also see al- Afghānī, Aswāq, 228‒229; ʿIrfān Muḥammad Ḥammūr, Aswāq al-ʿArab: ʿarḍ adabı̄ taʾrı̄khı̄ lil-aswāq al-mawsimiyya al-ʿāmma ʿinda l-ʿArab, Beirut: Dār al-Shūrā, 1979, 14; Ḥaqqī Ismāʿīl Ibrāhīm, Aswāq al-ʿArab al-tijāriyya fī Shibh al-Jazīrat al-ʿArabiyya, Amman: Dār al-Fikr, 2002, 105; Khaleel Ibrahim al-Muaikel, Study of the Archaeology of the Jawf Region, Riyadh: King Fahd National Library Publications, 1994, 61–66; Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987, 4; Daniel T.
1515/islam-2016-0001 Downloaded from De Gruyter Online at 09/24/2016 04:32:18PM via Freie Universität Berlin (View the image of this page) Figure 1 Market Cycle At this juncture, it is worthwhile to point out that the extant economic reports on “the markets of the Arabs” (aswāq al-ʿarab), and on Dūmat al-Jandal in par- ticular, comprise a set of frontier mythoi narrated “only through the eyes of the Meccan tradition.
¹⁴⁰ Musil explains that “the earliest record of these events must have placed Muḥammad’s invasion at the beginning of the fixed Bedouin period 136 al-Wāqidī, Maghāzī, 1:403 and 3:989‒990; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1957, 2:62; Crone, Meccan Trade, 139‒140.