چکیده:
جنبش قرمطیان از نهضتهای شورمندانه سده سوم هجری در برابر خلافت عباسی بود که در شرق جزیره العرب دولتی تأسیس کرد و دویست سال زنده و پویا ماند. قرمطیان در سطح چالشی بزرگ با دربار خلافت اسلامی کارشان را آغاز کردند، اما بر اثر شماری از کارهای آنان، عباسیان و متعصبان اهلسنت به تبلیغات منفی درباره آنان پرداختند. ابوطاهر قرمطی، تواناترین امیر قرامطه بر اثر خدمات نظامیاش در جنگ با عباسیان، دولت قرمطیان را تقویت کرد، اما کارهای جسورانهاش همچون یورش به کاروانهای حج، لشکرکشی به مکه و برکندن «حجر اسود»، به تضعیف مبانی مشروعیت قرامطه و ملامت همیشگی آنان انجامید. این مقاله به شیوهای توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با بهرهگیری از آثار کتابخانه ای و منابع تاریخی، در پی پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که چرا و چگونه قرامطه به مکه یورش بردند و حجر اسود را از جایش کندند و با خود به هَجَر و لحساء بردند؟ منابع تاریخی این عمل را چگونه گزارش کردهاند؟ بهرغم شواهد پرشمار تاریخی درباره دستور مستقیم خلفای فاطمی مصر به برکندن حجر اسود، این کار قرمطیان به تضعیف مشروعیت و مبانی مذهبی آنان انجامید.
The Qarmatian movement was considered as a passionate movement against the Abbasid caliphate which was organized in the third century AH.This movement leads to the establishment of a government which lasted for two hundred years in the east of the Arabian Peninsula.TheQarmatians, who first emerged as a big challenge to the Islamic caliphate, continued to take steps to provoke the negative propaganda of the Abbasids and Sunni fanatics against them. Abu Tahir al-Jannabi was the most powerful emir of Qaramatans. He strengthened the Qaramatian government and took military actions against the Abbasids, but some of his measurements such as; attacking the Hajj caravans, attacking Mecca, removing of the Black Stone ruined the foundations of the legitimacy of Qaramatians and caused their permanent disgrace. This article is descriptive and analytical which is based on historical sources and library research. It seeks to answer these questions: why and how the Qaramatians invaded Mecca and removed the Black Stone and took it with them to Hajar and Al-Ahsa Oasis? What has been the reflection of this incident in historical sources? The study of the original historical sources and texts as well as other research findings reveal numerous evidences and reasons that confirm this hypothesis that the Fatimid caliphs planned the operation and ordered the theft of the Black Stone. These evidences are as follows: Abdallah al-Mahdi Billahapologized to those people whose property was destroyed during the attack on Mecca and was divided among Abu Tahir's troops. Qaramatians did not return the Black Stone in exchange for the exorbitant sums of money. The told: ‘we took it because our Imam ordered us to take it and we will return it when our Imam orders. Meanwhile the title of Amir al-Mu'minin was worthy of a caliph who had the ability to dominate and protect the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, so the invasion of Qarmatians to Hajj caravans and their attack to Mecca and the robbery of the Black Stone could reveal the weakness of Abbasids and the recapture of the Black Stone could reveal the authority of Fatimids. Fatimids sought their domination over these two holy cities, the recitation of sermons in their name, the attainment of the title of Amir al-Mu'minin, the supremacy of the Islamic world and they were able to exercise their religious and worldly dominion over those holy cities for a long time. So we can conclude that Fatimids used Qaramatians as a tool to carry out dangerous plans and actions that could tarnish their image. Michael Jan de Goeje writes: I sincerely believe that the Qarmatians, especially the Qarmatians of Bahrain, acted with the intention of serving a good cause. In conclusion, it should be said that despite all the historical evidences which confirm that the Fatimid caliphs of Egypt, who were the Imams of Qaramatians, intervened and directly ordered the removal of the Black Stone, anyway this un-Islamic act by the Qarmatians not only weakened their legitimacy and ruined their religious principles, but also Muslims condemned this un-Islamic act of Qaramatians. Certainly they are responsible for this action and the blame lies with them. Keywords: Qarmatians, Black Stone, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi ,Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
خلاصه ماشینی:
اين مقاله به شيوه اي توصيفي ـ تحليلي و با بهره گيري از آثار کتاب خانه اي و منابع تاريخي ، در پي پاسخ گويي به اين پرسش است که چرا و چگونه قرامطه به مکه يورش بردند و حجر اسود را از جايش کندند و با خود به هجر و لحساء بردند؟ منابع تاريخي اين عمل را چگونه گزارش کرده اند؟ به رغم شواهد پرشمار تاريخي درباره دستور مستقيم خلفاي فاطمي مصر به برکندن حجر اسود، اين کار قرمطيان به تضعيف مشروعيت و مباني مذهبي آنان انجاميد.
پس از ابوسعيد، پسرش ابوطاهر گناوه اي )۳٠٥-۳۳٢ ق( ملقب به قرمطي ، به تواناترين امير و حاکم قرامطه بدل گشت و بر اثر کارهاي سياسي ـ نظامي و درگيري هاي پرشمار با خل فت عباسي ، مباني سياسي ـ نظامي دولت قرمطيان را استوار کرد و موجب پيش رفت اين دولت شد؛ چنان که دولت محلي و کوچک قرامطه بر اثر همين خدمات ، تا سال ها به دولتي قوي و مؤثر در معادل ت سياسي و نظامي منطقه بدل گشت ، اما کارهاي جسورانه و متهورانه اش همچون يورش به کاروان هاي حاجيان و مکه و برکندن حجر اسود، به ضعف مباني مذهبي مشروعيت اين گروه و دولت قرامطه انجاميد )دشتي ، ١۳٩٢: ٢٥٨(.
Al-Kāmilfī al-tārīkh[Complete in history], Translated by 8۳ فصلنامہمطالعاتايــرانياســــلمي |ســـــالدوم)جديد( شــــــــمرهدوم تابستان١٣٩٩ HamidrezaAzhir, Tehran: Asatir Publication[In Persian] ابن اثير، علي بن محمد)١۳٨۳(.