چکیده:
در این پژوهش اثر تغییر دما بر میزان روند و فراوانی مراکز چرخندی در مدیترانه مطالعه شد. برای این منظور از دادههای ERA-Enterim در بازه زمانی 1980 تا 2013 با تفکیک نیم درجه طول و عرض جغرافیای، بهصورت 6 ساعته استفاده شد. از الگوریتم عددی مراکز کمینه به همراه میانگین تاوایی نسبی برای آشکارسازی چرخندها استفاده، سپس روند ماهانه آنها به صورت دو دوره زمانی از 1980 تا 1996 و 1997 تا 2013 مطالعه گردید. نتایج بیانگر این است که روند دمای فصل زمستان در تراز 1000 هکتوپاسکال، مثبت بوده و در ماه ژانویه شدت کمتری نسبت به سایر ماهها داشته است. اختلاف میانگین دمای دوره 17 سال اول نسبت به 17 سال دوم 0.64 درجه سانتیگراد، و این مقدار در ماه مارس 1.3 درجه سانتیگراد است. روند فراوانی چرخندها نشان داد که با افزایش دما فراوانی آنها کاسته شده است. همچنین در ماه ژانویه که روند افزایش دمایی کمتر بوده، تعداد مراکز چرخند افزایش یافتهبا این تفاوت که چرخندهای قوی کاهش یافتهاند. تحلیل مکانی چرخندها نشان داد که مراکز چرخندی آشکار شده، بر روی ایران عمدتا با شدت تاوایی کمتر از 1-s5-10 3*بودهاند. این مراکز چرخندهای قوی مسیریابی شده مدیترانه نبوده بلکه با عبور کمفشارهای تضعیف شده مدیترانه از نواحی مرتفع ایران، تقویت شده که عمدتا در دشت های ایران مرکزی قرار داشته و از شدت کمتری برخوردار هستند.
Introduction
Today, extra tropical cyclones are recognized not only for the important influence they exert
on midlatitude weather conditions but also for their integral role in the earth’s climate system.
(Gary luckmann, 2012). Extra tropical cyclones are fundamental meteorological features and
play a key role in a broad range of weather phenomena. They are a central component
maintaining the global atmospheric energy, moisture, and momentum budgets. They are on
the one hand responsible for an important part of our water supply, and on the other are intimately linked with many natural hazards affecting the middle and high latitudes (wind
damage, precipitation-related flooding, storm surges, and marine storminess). Thus, it is
important to provide for society an accurate diagnosis of cyclone activity, which includes a
baseline climatology of extra tropical storms (e.g., Hoskins and Hodges 2002).
Simulations made using general circulation mod (GCM) suggest that enhanced greenhouse
warming will result in a general cooling of the stratosphere and a warming of the lower
troposphere. The tropospheric warming is expected to be greater in Polar Regions than in the
tropics, greater over continents than oceans, and greater in winter than in summer. This
differential warming results in a reduction of the pole to equator thickness gradient in the
lower troposphere. Diagnostic studies, e.g., those based on the Sutcliffe–Petterssen
development equation (Sutcliffe and Forsdyke 1950; Petterssen 1956) show the relevance of
the thickness field on the development of cyclones. The reduced thicknesses expected with
warming should lead to fewer extra-tropical cyclones, especially in winter. However, since there is also an expected increase in surface and near surface temperatures this could lead to
increased evaporation and elevated levels of atmospheric humidity. This favours increased
precipitation in cyclones and the increased release of latent heat would result in increased
development of cyclones. Clearly, these two processes tend to oppose each other and it is not clear how the two processes might contribute to changes in the cyclone climatology in a
warmer world.
Data and Methodology
For numerical cyclone detection used the ERA-Enterim database, this is last reanalysis of
global atmosphere by ECMWF by Dee and etal, 2011 which available in six hours interval and with resolution 0.5*0.5 longitude and latitude in duration of 1980 to 2013. The cyclone
positions are defined by local minima of the mean sea level pressure considering the
Geography and Environmental planning, 27th year, vol. 61, No. 1, April 2016
neighborhood of eight grid points. Additionally, in order to locate intense vortices, the mean
vorticity of a minimum point in 300 km radios required. (Blender and Etal, 1999) The
threshold of mean vorticity is 1*10 because in this region there are shallow and thermal low and this is the best threshold for exclude of those. For identify the effect of global
warming on cyclone variability we analyzed the temperature trend of 1000Hpa level temperature in winter month. In this paper for identify of cyclone intense we calculated 5
level vorticity intense that shows in tab 1, and then observed the cyclone frequency and
temporal spatial variability in this level.
Tab 1. The vorticity intense level V Value orticity
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Cyclones
The distribution of cyclones are in tow 17 years duration and the spatial distribution of those
in this research are a same previous research (Alpert and etal 1990, Campein and etal 2011,
Flocas, 2010). In this research the results show that the frequency of cyclones in
Mediterranean decrease from west to east and the most concentration of those located in
Geneve golf and west of Italia. The cyclone center of Mediterranean don’t reach in any vorticity intense to Iran area. The Mediterranean cyclone moved to east based on the
movement of westerly wind but the Zagros Mountain in the west of Iran serve as obstacle to
reach this cyclone center into central of Iran. The cyclone with vorticity greater than 1 are the
most cyclone that created in central of Iran. As well as greater in vorticity intense the cyclone
frequency on the Iran area were decreased and in vorticity greater than 7, almost there aren’t any cyclone center located in Iran. One of the most high frequency cyclone center located in
Lot p lain in January month. The maximum frequency of cyclone occurred in January and the
number of those decreased in February and March.
Temporal trend of cyclone in Mediterranean
The temperature variability in winter month in 1000 hPa level showed that mean temperature
have ascend trend and the maximum of trend occurred in march. Whereas the trend of
cyclogenesis only increased in January but in the February and march the frequency of
cyclone have decreased the result of this research show that as well as the temperature
increased the center of cyclone have decreased. The strongest cyclone with vorticity greater
than 10 in this region had decreased and in any month in winter the frequency of those don’t increased. Conclusion
The result in this paper show that in any level of vorticity the center of cyclone don’t across from Zagros Mountain. The cyclone center in Lot plain is center that occurred in many frequency. Also the trend of temperature in winter month have increased, that in January gradual increased to march. The frequency of cyclone had inversely correlation with
temperature so that when temperature increased the cyclone frequency decreased. In the
winter the temperature variability mostly occurred in March and center cyclone of those
reduction. As the temperature increased in winter the reduced the gradient of pressure and
Geography and Environmental planning, 27th year, vol. 61, No. 1, April 2016
this situation cased that the speed of westerly wind slowly diminished because this wind
transferred the cyclone center to Middle East.