چکیده:
صورالکواکب الثابته اثر صوفی رازی از کتب مصور نجوم قدیم است که نگارههایی برای صورتهای فلکی دارد. صورالکواکب ترکیبی از هنر و ستارهشناسی است و میتوان تصویرسازیهای آن را بهعنوان نمادی از نگارگری دورههای گوناگون مطالعه نمود. پژوهش حاضر در حیطة پژوهشهای میاندانشی قرار میگیرد و همانگونه که زمینة تخصصی صورالکواکب ایجاب میکند، نگارندگان تحلیلهای هنری خود را با در نظرداشتن ملاحظات نجومی به انجام رسانیدهاند تا به این پرسش پاسخ دهند که تحولات هنری قرن نهم هجری چه تأثیراتی بر نگارههای انسانی صورالکواکب آن دوران نهاده است؟ در این پژوهش پس از تجزیهوتحلیل کمّی و کیفی پیکرنگاری، چهرهپردازی و جامهآرایی انسان در سه نسخه از صورالکواکب در قرن نهم هجری، چگونگی تأثیر الگوهای هنری دورة تیموری بر نگارگران صورالکواکب در زمینة بازنمایی پیکرة آدمی با هدف مشخص نمودن میزان و نحوة تأثیرپذیری نگارههای مورد مطالعه از سبک و آثار همعصر واکاوی شده است. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی با استفاده از منابع کتابخانهای است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد نگارگران صورالکواکب ضمن رعایت جوانب علمی، ترکیبی از سنن تصویری نسخههای پیشین صورالکواکب را با الگوهای هنری زمانة خود درآمیختهاند که در جزئیات نمود بیشتری یافته است. بااینحال نمیتوان آنها را کاملاًً بر هنر دورة تیموری منطبق دانست.
Many scientific books in various fields of knowledge prepared and produced by Muslim artists have been decorated with images of humans, animals and plants. Although human iconography in the art of Iran (Islamic period) was affected by the religious view of the Islamic society regarding the representation of the human body and living things, there were ups and downs, but it seems that the illustrators of scientific books had more freedom of action. One of these scientific books, which is considered one of the most famous educational books on ancient astronomy, is Suwar Al-Kawakib (about 355AH) written by Abdul Rahman Sufi Razi. This book is an illustrated map of the sky, and in addition to comprehensive information and detailed tables of celestial objects, it has pictures for understanding and memorizing constellations. The iconography of living beings (humans and animals) can be seen without any restrictions, even in the oldest versions of Suwar Al-Kawakib (belonging to the early fifth century of Hijri). It seems that the tradition of illustration of Suwar Al-Kawakib, which started from the first editions and at the same time as the book was written, has continued in the later editions, and the illustrators, in addition to preserving the general state of the illustrations, have also taken advantage of the artistic features of their era. To the extent that in the versions of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries of Hijri, the effects of the artistic patterns of the era can be clearly recognized on the paintings of Suwar Al-Kawakib. Therefore, the pictures of Suwar Al-Kawakib can be studied as a representative of a type of science painting in different periods. In Suwar Al-Kawakib, the fourteen constellations Cepheus, Bootes, Hercules, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, Ophiuchus, Andromeda, Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, Aquarius, Orion and Centaurus are associated with “man”. The present research has analyzed and studied the pictures related to the mentioned faces in three versions of Suwar Al-Kawakib of the 9th century AH (belonging to 820 AH, about 853 AH and 891 AH). This writing is in the field of interdisciplinary researches and Tawaman has compared and analyzed the human and semi-human paintings of the book Suwar Al-Kawakib from the perspective of art and astronomy. The brilliance of the art schools of the 9th century Hijri is associated with the re-flourishing of Iranian astronomy in the Samarkand scientific school (from the middle of the century), which had tremendous effects on art and science. In addition, the reason why authors pay attention to human and semi-human images (among other constellations) and the book Suwar Al-Kawakib (among various books in the field of astronomy and astronomy) is the abundance of similar examples of human iconography in non-astronomical works, which is possible It provides a comparison of the studied pictures with human figures (in other works of painting with general subjects). And the other thing is that Suwar Al-Kawakib is one of the few astronomical illustrated books that is completely specialized only on objects outside the solar system. This book contains a combination of art and astronomy, so by studying and exploring Suwar Al-Kawakib, one can clarify the impact of artistic experiences and astronomical discoveries on scientific-astronomical imagery of the mentioned period. The question of this research is “What effects did the artistic developments of the 9th century of Hijri have on the human paintings of Suwar Al-Kawakib of that era?” That is to say, to what extent were painters influenced by common aesthetic rules and how did they succeed in observing the artistic principles of their time in their constellation paintings while observing the scientific criteria of Suwar Al-Kawakib? The authors have first examined the representation of humans and animals. Then, by quantitative and qualitative analysis of iconography, face painting and human clothing in the three studied versions, they investigated how the artistic patterns of the Timurid period influenced the painters of Suwar Al-Kawakib in the field of representation of the human body. The main goal of the research is to determine the extent and manner of the influence of Suwar Al-Kawakib paintings of the 9th century AH from contemporary works and styles. The results of the research show that the illustrators of Suwar Al-Kawakib, while respecting the scientific aspects, have mixed the pictorial traditions of the previous versions of Suwar Al-Kawakib with the artistic patterns of their time, which is more expressed in details. However, they cannot be considered completely compatible with the art of the Timurid period. Most of the past researches have only dealt with one of the artistic or astronomical aspects, which provides an incomplete understanding of the various angles of such documents. In this research, due to the scientific nature of the Sawar al-Kawakb book, artistic motifs have been analyzed in accordance with the scientific rules of astronomy, which can be the distinguishing feature of this writing from previous similar researches.