چکیده:
این مقاله در زمینۀ ادبیات تطبیقی با استفاده از نظریۀ روانشناختی «مثلث عشق» استرنبرگ، به بررسی «عشق»، یکی از رایجترین مضامین ادبیات داستانی، در دو رمان داخلی و خارجی معاصر پرداختهاست. از نظر استرنبرگ، عشق دارای سه مؤلفه شامل «صمیمیت»، «هوس» و «تعهد» است. بر اساس چگونگی ترکیب این مؤلفهها با یکدیگر هشت نوع عشق به وجود میآید؛که عبارتند از: «فقدانعشق»، «دوستداشتن»، «شیفتگی»، «عشقپوچ»، «عشقرمانتیک»، «عشقرفاقتی»، «عشقابلهانه» و «عشقکامل». این پژوهش، مؤلفههای مذکور را در دو داستان «از خم چنبر» اثر «محمود دولتآبادی» نویسندۀ معاصر ایرانی، و داستان «هرگز رهایم مکن» اثر «کازئوو ایشیگورو»، نویسندۀ معاصر ژاپنی- بریتانیایی، شناسایی و انواع عشق را مشخص کردهاست؛ تا دیدگاه دو نویسنده را در چگونگی بیان «عشق» به دستدهد و با یکدیگر مقایسه کند. این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است و گردآوری دادهها بهصورت کتابخانهای انجام شدهاست. براساس یافتههای این تحقیق، مؤلفۀ «صمیمیت» و «عشق دوستانه یا رفاقتی» در رمان «ایشیگورو»، بیشتر به تصویر کشیده شدهاست. در رمان دولتآبادی، هر سه مؤلفه، بهصورت متنوعتری روایت میشود؛ در هیچکدام از رمانها عشق آرمانی یا عشق کامل وجود ندارد بلکه عشق از نوع «پوچ و ابلهانه» بیشتر به چشم میخورد.
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Introduction Love is one of the common topics of psychological topics and literary works that can be examined and compared in the framework of interdisciplinary researches" (Mahmoudi, 2019: 91)This article aims to compare the narrative of love, using Sternberg's love triangle theory, and has selected two well-known contemporary novels from two different cultures and believes that love is one of the natural characteristics that is common to all human beings regardless of the historical and cultural backgroundand examining its reflection in the works of different nations can establish cultural links between them.This article aims to compare the narrative of love, using Sternberg's love triangle theory, and has selected two well-known contemporary novels from two different cultures and believes that love is one of the natural characteristics that is common to all human beings regardless of the historical and cultural background. and examining its reflection in the works of different nations can establish cultural links between them.This theory also explains the nature of the components of love and considers "love" to be understandable and explainable in the form of its three constituent elements, that is, intimacy, lust and commitment (Sternberg, 1998: 9-10). The approach of this research is comparative literature based on the American school.According to "Rene Volk", the founder of this school, "comparative literature has become an established term for any kind of literary study beyond the borders of national literature."Comparative study provides the opportunity to compare different views of world writers on various subjects and its relationship with other sciences on a wider level. The use of psychological theory in this research is also chosen based on this. 2.MethodologyThe current research is a descriptive-analytical research. Its data is of a textual type and includes sentences expressing the variables of intimacy, passion and commitment based on Sternberg's theory, which is collected through the study of library-documents and its results qualitatively described, compared and reported. 3.DiscussionThe authors of both novels selected in this article came from different cultural backgrounds; Dolatabadi is familiar with the traditional rural life of the 50s after the land reforms in Iran, and Ishiguro is familiar with the traditional culture of Japan after World War II and influenced by English literature.Both of them experienced the period of transition and transformation of their society in a way, and in their works, they implicitly reflected the mutual influence of love and emotional relationships of humans and the limitations of social life.The stories "Az Khem Chenbar" and "Never Leave Me "are not purely romantic works, but love is seen in the normal life of the characters and in the background of other events and affects them.In both stories, social and cultural conditions have an effect on the appearance of the three components of the "love triangle" and how it occurs and causes subsequent events. "People'sromantic experience is strongly influenced by culture and is based on the environmental characteristics of the events of the two stories."In the culture of some societies, love is one of the necessities of marriage, but in the culture of another society there is no connection between the two" (Sternberg, 1998: 19).In the novel " Never Leave Me"Heilsham School" which is created and elaborated by the author's mind; The main limit is the life of the characters.The prevailing conditions, "scientific" conditions and human profit seeking, are for obtaining donated organs, which has caused the birth of students and the establishment of Heilsham School, and overshadow on the relationships of Heilsham boys and girls and made them victims.The sense of intimacy and commitment of the students is strengthened while learning and living together in one group, that is, Heilsham Boarding School; But the opportunity of life and passionate love has been taken away from them.The main characters, Ruth, Tommy and Kat, are dynamic characters who try to change the situation because they need to prove their love for a better life.The story of "Az Khem Chanbar" realistically reflects the image of the social life of its era in the rural area called "Rahim Abad" where the relationships of people, under the shadow of social conditions, beliefs and convictions, difficult economic conditions and poverty, under the influence of male dominance and Local customs are formed within the framework of the family and without codified educationStrong characterization is one of the common points of these two works. The character of the manager in Dolatabadi's work and the character of Hilsham's supervisors in Ishiguro's work represent people who sacrifice "love" for their own profit.The parents of "Maru", the character around whom the events of Dolatabadi's novel take place, abandoned him and entrusted him to his aunt in order to improve their economic conditionsTherefore, like the students of Hailsham, she is far from her real family, with a forced marriage, she does not have the opportunity to express her passion.Taher is a static character who considers Maru's wife as his right, and "Maru" is a dynamic character who becomes Taher's wife against her will and works to change the situation. "At the same time, the culture around us makes beliefs; The experience of love also changes."The feeling of love is one thing, and showing it in the form of behavior in a way that the other party feels; is a lover; Something else (Armstrong, 2013: 40-24Examining the behavior of the characters using Sternberg's theory identifies the elements of love and its components in two novels and shows that the authors were able to; By paying close attention to the social and cultural factors of the society of the story, create images of the components of love with characterizations and descriptions of their behaviors in the reader's mind. 4.ConclusionIn the novel "Az Khem Chenbar", the love of "Tahir" to his wife "Maru" is a "stupid love" composed of lust and information, and the information of theory. Maru's love for Tahir, in which only the element of "intimacy" can be seen; It is of the "loving" typeMr. Manager's love for Maru is of the "passion" type, that is, it has a strong image of lust and a weak image of intimacy and lacks commitment.Mirjan's son's love for "Maru" has a dimension of excitement on the part of Mirjan's son, and it is revealed only in the form of a conversation between other characters in the story, and it can be considered a type of "infatuation". In this novel, the frequency of behaviors indicating "lust" is more than "intimacy" and "commitment".In this novel, the narration of behaviors that indicate "intimacy" is more than the other two components.In the novel " Never Leave Me", according to Sternberg's theory, the love between Kat and Tommy is of the "ideal love" type, between Kat and Ruth, of the "romantic" type, between Kat and Lenny, "infatuation" and between all three. Ruth, Kat and Lenny are of the "loving" type.The behaviors that show the components of "intimacy" and "commitment" are more in the novel"Never Leave Me" than in the novel "Az Khem Chanbar" and the behaviors that show "enthusiasm" or "lust" in the story "Az Khem Chanbar" are more than the story " Never Leave MeTherefore, it can be said that these two authors have proposed types of love and its elements that are consistent with Sternberg's theory and can be compared and compared with each other.Among the types of "love", mentioned; Two types of love, "loving" and "infatuation" are common in these two works.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اين پژوهش ، مؤلفه هاي مذکور را در دو داستان «از خم چنبر» اثر محمود دولت آبادي، نويسندة معاصر ايراني، و داستان «هرگز رهايم مکن » اثر «کازئوو ايشيگورو»، نويسندة معاصر ژاپني- بريتانيايي، شناسايي و انواع عشق را مشخص کرده است تا ديدگاه دو نويسنده را در چگونگي بيان «عشق » به دست دهد و با يکديگر مقايسه کند.
با استفاده از اين نظريه ، تاکنون پژوهش هاي محدودي بر روي داستان و رمان انجام شده است ؛ «بررسي مؤلفه هاي عشق در رمان سووشون براساس نظريۀ «مثلث عشق استرنبرگ »، مقاله اي از رشيدي ظفر و قسيمي (١٣٩٨) است که عشق ورزي زري و يوسف را به عنوان شخصيت هاي اصلي اين رمان مطالعه کرده و به اين نتيجه دست يافته که سيمين دانشور به حفظ و نگاهداري روابط عاشقانه در چارچوب خانواده اهميت بسياري مي دهد و يوسف و زري عشق متعالي را تجربه ميکنند.
اول فقدان عشق ،(Non love ) زماني است که ابعاد سه گانه عشق در روابط افراد بسيار کمرنگ است يا اصلا وجود ندارد؛ دوم ، دوست داشتن ،(liking) زماني است که فقط عامل صميميت وجود داشته باشد و از دو بعد ديگر خبري نيست يا بسيار کمرنگ است ؛ سوم ، شيفتگي يا دلباختگي(Infatuated love )حالت شديد شور و اشتياق است که در آن فرد به شدت و به طور افراطي مجذوب شده ، درحاليکه تعهد و صميميت واقعي وجود ندارد؛ چهارم ، عشق پوچ يا تهي (Empty love ) که در اين نوع عشق فقط بعد تعهد وجود دارد و ساير ابعاد وجود ندارد يا بسيار کمرنگ است ؛ پنجم ، عشق رمانتيک ، (Romantic love ) يعني ترکيبي از صميميت و شور و شوق که براساس دو جنبۀ جذابيت فيزيکي و عاطفي استوار و نوعي احساس نزديکي، قرابت و پيوند بين دو زوج است ؛ ششم ، عشق رفاقتي،(Companionate love) ترکيبي از صميميت و تعهد و يک رابطۀ دوستانۀ پايدار، طولانيمدت و متعهدانه همراه با مقدار زيادي صميميت است ؛ هفتم ، عشق ابلهانه ،(Fatuous Love) که ، از ترکيب هوس و تعهد به وجود ميآيد و صميميت در آن ديده نميشود.