خلاصه ماشینی:
Arabs as well as non-Arabs,-like n1any other peoples knew the sun-dial and such other instruments of a very primitive type as must have enabled them to know the different periods of day and night ; but few of us to day have any idea of how ingeniously and with what admirable skill the Arabs used to construct clocks, deriving their in• spiration from the Byzantinians.
A German translation of the Arabic text was published by Wiedemann and Hauser in the Nova Acta, Vol. III.
D. Rizwan wrote his book on astronomical clocks which contains' quite a number of drawings, illustrating the mechanism and functioning of clocks2• It gives a description of the famous clock which stood in the-great mosque of Damascus, and which was originally constructed by Rizwan's father Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Rustam of Khurasan, · known as as-Sa'ati " the Horologist.
Besides this family of Sa'atis there were also other Sa'atis : Haji Khalifa mentions one Muhyiu'ddin Abu'l-Ma'ali Murtafi' ibn Hasan as-Sa'ati2 Badi'u'z-Zaman Abu' Bakr al-Mu'izz ibn Isma'il, ibnur-Razzaz al-Jazari composed his important work, Kita'bu'l-Banakim, on water-clocks, magic-cups and all sorts of hydraulic apparatus".
D. ), and Sulaim ibn Hamzas' book on the "I{nowledge of the Hours+, " Clocks, besides those described or mentioned by Rizwan and .
In the 16th century of the Christian Era, if not earlier, Muslims scientists began to construct clocks with wheel-work.