خلاصه ماشینی:
al 'Alwdni The subject of naturalization, which is an integral part of the concept of identity and its related problems, has been an issue in the Muslim world since its first contacts with western thought, culture, military, and politics.
As new ethnic and regional Muslim nation-states begin to show signs of instability, the subject grows more complex: it takes on new aspects of identity and affiliation and seeks to discover the best way of ordering relations between the peoples of each region or between them and the (factional, military, or otherwise) elitist governments controlling them.
Many Muslim governments cite indigenous non-Muslim minorities as an excuse to deprive their Muslim majorities, who often represent 98 percent of the total population, of the right to be ruled by the Shari'ah, These are the same governments that discredit Islamic movements by viewing their very presence, principles, demands, and objectives as a threat to national unity.
It was for this reason that secularists in the Muslim world saw the presence of non-Muslim minorities as a powerful argument that could be used to quell the demands of the Islamic political agenda.
Indeed, owing to gaps in American social thought, ethnic, religious, and racial conflict can never be entirely ruled out 2 11n Towards an Islamic Theory of International Relations, published by IIlT in 1993, 'AbdulHamid AbiiSulayman writes: "In classical jurisprudence, this term (al dhimmah) is defined as a sort of permanent agreement between Muslim political authorities and nonMuslim subjects which pro-vides protection for Muslims and peaceful internal relations with non-Muslim subjects.