چکیده:
ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻴﻪ، ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻱ ﻧﺎﮔﺴﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ، ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ: ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ. ﺏ( ﺳﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ. ﺝ( ﺳﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺍﺋﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ. ﻭ ﻗﻬﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ: ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﺪﺍﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻜﻪﺍﻧﺪ.
Islamic fiqh especially Imami fiqh، contains subjects that their application need a powerful government and a ruler that must be aware of divine teachings. Accordingly، it should be noted that there is a strong connection between the fiqh of Islam and the issue of government. Here، we study some expressions of this connection، including:
a) Review of fiqhi texts to make the connection of fiqh and government clear
b) The lifestyle of prophet (sīra al-nabawi) and his operation about Islamic government
c) The lifestyle of prophet and Imams and their actions and also viewpoints of religious experts about government and the necessity of its establishment in society
In this essay، we demonstrate that it is not possible to separate fiqh and politics، so we conclude that: our religiousness is just our exercise of politics، in this way religion and governing piously are two sides of the same coin.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﻻ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻻ ﷲ« ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻃﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩ: »ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻣﻴﺮ« )ﻧﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻪ، ﺧﻄﺒﻪ04( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻀﺮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺛﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺍﺵ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩ: ﻟﻴﺲ ﺛﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ )ﻏﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ، ﺣﺪﻳﺚ0278( ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻲ7 ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﻜﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ« )ﺍﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﺍﻧﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺔ( )ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ، ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﻦ(.
ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ 85 ﺷﻴﺦ ﻃﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ »ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ« ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ: ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ، ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺟﺰ ﺯﻣﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭ )ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ( ﻭﻗﺖ )ﻳﺎ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺟﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ« )ﻃﻮﺳﻲ، 0041، ﺹ003(.
ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ 97 ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﻫﺒﻪ ﺯﺣﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﺒﻪ ﺯﺣﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﻮﺩ »ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻟﺘﻪ« ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ، ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ: »ﺍﺳﻼﻡ، ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻤﺎﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ، ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻭﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﺩﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ، ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ، ﻣﺮﺟﺌﻪ، ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﺰﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺍﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ."