چکیده:
The main tool of a model producer is to create, reconstruct, and evaluate the environmental features and their behavioral actions, reactions and interactions of such phenomena with each other and also with geographic space, the computers in general, and the geographic information systems (GIS) in specific terms which are considered as the main goal of this paper. The philosophical foundations of environmental modelling is the second major aim of this paper including a discussion on the frameworks of theoretical models, paradigms, and different approaches pertaining to environmental modelling. In this study, the essential role is given to the discussions such as the principles and identity of environmental modeling, its key concepts, the main specifications of a comprehensive environmental model, a systematic glance at environmental modelling, and finally to emphasize the GIS as the most efficient tool in environmental modelling and those phenomena that have spatio-temporal dimensions.The environmental models are regarded as efficient and precise tools in evaluating the impacts of many environmental phenomena. The accessibility created by environmental models in solving, prediction, and monitoring of environmental phenomena, has enhanced the importance of environmental modelling. Today, the environmental modelling is a fundamental tool in depicting the present conditions and the prediction of the future trend of the environmental systems and their relevant phenomena. Comprehensive and applied environmental modelling needs inputs from other sciences such as statistics (for the generation of quantitative models), and geography (to consider the spatio-temporal structures). 1-Assistant Professor in Pphysical Geography, University of Urmia. 2-PhD Student in Climatology, University of Esfahan3-M.A. in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Esfahan
خلاصه ماشینی:
"Editors Paul Longley, Susan Brooks, Rachael McDonnell, and Bill MacMillan, 17-29.
P. (2000), "Theory of Modelling and Simulation: Integrating Discrete Event and Continuous Complex Dynamic Systems", 2d edition, New York, Academic Press.
XML (Extended Markup Language) and its derivatives for example are considered especially well suited for sharing and handling geographic data over the Internet, opening up the possibility for environmental models that are not just dynamic, but are themselves dynamically evolving with the contributions of modelers ‘anywhere, any time’ (Lowe, 2000, p48).
Formal modelling theories such those by Zeigler (1976, p48), Casti (1997, p111) can greatly assist the development of logically coherent environmental microworlds, as can the closely related perspective of systems theory, briefly discussed below.
Of special interest to the present discussion is the fact that environmental models typically consist of several different modules or subsystems, each based on its own spatial and temporal framework.
For example, in an integrated urban-environmental model, the entities may be roads, built-up areas, different categories of land uses, climate types, streams, slopes, bodies of water, forests, wildlife populations, and the like.
Researchers and funding agencies alike seem increasingly willing to Introduction This paper provides a general conceptual background to the more specific discussions of GIS-based environmental modelling.
Environmental models in research and policy A model is an abstract and partial representation of some aspect or aspects of the world "that can be manipulated to analyze the past, define the present, and to consider possibilities of the future" (Smyth, 1998, p199)."